課程內(nèi)容

《代詞》
人稱代詞與物主代詞
人稱代詞
1.在使用人稱代詞時(shí)，要注意其人稱、數(shù)和格的一致，如：
Jim and I saw the man passing by.
Between you and me,he stole a lot of money from somewhere.(私下跟你說吧，不知他從哪里偷了一大筆錢呢。）
2.在簡短對(duì)話中，當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用或在not后，多用賓格。
-I like English.-我喜歡英語
-Me too.-我也喜歡
3.當(dāng)說話者不清楚或不必要知道說話對(duì)象的性別時(shí)，可以用it代替。如：
It's a lovely baby.Is it a boy or a girl?
這是個(gè)可愛的寶寶。是男孩還是女孩？
物主代詞
形容詞性的物主代詞修飾名詞，不能獨(dú)用；名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞-'s所有格結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：
This is my book.    That book is mine.
Theirs is a vey lage university.
另外，在動(dòng)名詞前常加上形容詞性的物主代詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Would you mind my opening the window?
反身代詞
反身代詞通常作賓語、表語和同位語
a.作賓語：
We enjoyed ourselves very much laat night.
Please help yourself to sme fish.
That little boy can't take care of himself.
b.作表語：be oneself:
I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。
c.作同位語
The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。
不定代詞的用法
A one,that,it 和the one
one用來代替上文提到的或者相類似的另一人或物（泛指），只指代可數(shù)名詞。 a+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，用one.復(fù)數(shù)為ones.
若下文替代者為另一特指，用the+(adj.)+one
若下文替代為復(fù)數(shù)形式 ，用the ahj. ones=those
替代詞that一般代指特指意義的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，后面通常有of或其他介詞短語
it和that都替代“the+單數(shù)名詞（可數(shù)或不可數(shù)）”，都是特指，但it指前面提到的“同一”事物，而that 是指前面提到的“同類”事物。
I can't find my hat.I think I must buy one.(不定）我找不到我的帽子了，我想我該去買一頂。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個(gè)）
你買的拿頂帽子比我買的大。
I can't find my hat,I don't know where I put it.(同一物）
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
B  another/other/the other/others/the others
1)another 修飾或代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，意為“（三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的）另一個(gè)”
2）the other 表示“兩者中的另一個(gè)”
3）“other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或用others）泛指”其他的（別的）人或物“（并不有意強(qiáng)調(diào)全部)
4)"the other+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”（或用the others)表示“其余的全部...”:
He got two books;one is textbook,the other is a novel.
Five of the pencils are red,the others (the other pens)are yellow.
Some are singing,others are dancing.
This coat is too dark.Please show me another.
C no one/none;nothing
1.no one和none
a）none后跟of短語，既可指人又可指物，而no one 指單獨(dú)使用，只指人。
b)none 作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單，復(fù)數(shù)均可，而no one作主語，位謂語動(dòng)詞只能是單數(shù)
None of you could lift it.你們中沒有人可舉起它。
-Did any one call me up just now? -No noe.
2.none 和nothing
none只指量，指所指的一類人或物種一個(gè)都沒有；
nothing 泛指，什么東西都不存在。后面不接of 短語。如：
-Are there any eggs in the fridge?
-None.In fact,there is nothing in the fridge.
D  every 和each
1)evey 強(qiáng)調(diào)全體的概念，each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念。
Every student in our school works hard.
Each student may have one book.
2)every 指三個(gè)以上的人或物（含三個(gè)），each指兩個(gè)以上的人或物（含兩個(gè)）
3）every只作形容詞，不可單獨(dú)使用。each 可作代詞或形容詞
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4)every不可以作同位語，each 可以。
We each have a glass to drink water with.
E both,either,neither,all,any,none
1)both（兩者都），either(兩者中任何一個(gè)），neither (兩者都不）。以上詞適用范圍為兩個(gè)人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever.兩個(gè)男孩都不聰明。
注意both,either的用法區(qū)別
both 與復(fù)數(shù)連用，either 與單數(shù)連用。
Both the boys are clever.Either of the two boys is clever.
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
There are flowers on either side of the treet.
2)all(所有的，全部的人或物），any(任何一個(gè)），none （都不）。以上詞適用范圍三者以上。
All the flowers are gone.所有的花都謝了。
I don't like any of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡。
I like none of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡。
注意：all與none 用法一樣。跟單數(shù)名詞，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
All of the students are there.
All (of) the milk is there.
F 全部否定與部分否定
all,both,everyone,everybody,everything,everywhere等不定代詞與not連用，不管not 放在它們之前還是之后都表示部分否定。
no one,neither,none,nobedy,nothing,noe...any等均表示全部否定。
Not all of them smoke.=All of them don't smoke.他們當(dāng)中不是所有人都吸煙。
All the boys are clever,but none of them can solve this problem.這些男孩都很聰明，但是它們當(dāng)中沒有一人能解出這道題。
G few,little,a few,a little,a bit
(a) few+可數(shù)名詞
（a） little+不可數(shù)名詞
a few/a little 為肯定含義，還有一點(diǎn)
few/little 為否定含義，沒有多少了
a bit of+不可數(shù)名詞
not a little=much   not a bit=not at all
We are not a little tired because we have been working  for almist twenty hours.
Although he had walked a long way,he didn't feel tired a bit.
it 的用法
1.it作人稱代詞，代替前面提到的事物。
2.it 指代時(shí)間，季節(jié)，距離，金錢等
3.it作形式賓語，常用在6123結(jié)構(gòu)中（think,find,make,believe...)
4.it作形式主語，當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞，不定式，從句作主語時(shí)，常用it作形式主語
5.It is...that...的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
6.與it有關(guān)的一些固定搭配
1.代替上文中提到的人或事物。指代人時(shí)，一般用于小孩或身份不明的人。例如：
-Who is the bady? -It's my teacher's son.
-Who is that gentleman?
-It's my friend,Tom.He (不可用it) wants to see you.
2.用于表達(dá)天氣、環(huán)境、時(shí)間、距離、季節(jié)等
It's half an hour's walk from here to our school.
It is nice and warm here.But it's two o'clock now,and it's time for us to go to school.
注意下列幾種表示時(shí)間的句型
①It is time(about time,high time)that...
It is high time that we left.
②It is the first(second...)time that...
It is the first time that I have been praised.
③It is ...since...
It is three years since they got married.
④It is /was ...when...
It was 1949 when the PRC was founded.
⑤It is/was ...before...
It will be two years before we meet again.
3.it作形式賓語。為了記憶方便我們可稱該句型為“6123結(jié)構(gòu)”
6指主句中常用的動(dòng)詞：think,believe,make,find,consider,feel
1指的是形式賓語it
2指的是賓補(bǔ)的兩種形式：形容詞或名詞
3.指的是真正賓語的三種形式：不定式短語，動(dòng)名詞短語或that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
14.The doctor thought (D) would be good for you to have a holiday.
A this  B that   C one   D it
it作形式主語時(shí)的幾個(gè)常見句型：
①It is kind (of sb.)to do sth.
該句型中的不定式如果須要邏輯主語，則須要前置介詞of，而句型中的形容詞必須是能表示邏輯主語特征的形容詞，常見的油：bad,brave,careless,clever,cruel,foolish,goo(好心的），honest,horrible,kind,lazy,modest,naughty,nice(有教養(yǎng)的),polite,rude,silly,stupid,wise,wrong
這個(gè)句型可以改寫為：sb. is kind to do sth.
②It takes sb...to do sth.“做...要花某人...”
It took me ages to repair my computer.
③It is no good(use) doing tsh.
該句型中的真正主語是動(dòng)名詞短語，主句的表語可以是no good,no use,no value,no importance...
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
④It doesn't matter whether (if)...
不論（是否）...沒關(guān)系...
It doesn't matter whether he is for my plan or not.
⑤It happens(seems appears)that...
It happened that I had seen his problem in some book.
⑥It is said(reported,learned...)that...
“據(jù)說”（據(jù)報(bào)道，據(jù)悉...）
It is said that he has gone to New York to sttend a medical meeting.
⑦It is a pity (a shame...)that...
It is a pity that we have lost the match with a close score.
⑧It is important (necessary,right,strange,natural...)that...
記住that后的從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣（should+動(dòng)詞原形），should可以省去
⑨It is suggested(ordered...)that...
that 后的從句要用虛擬語氣（should+動(dòng)詞原形），should可以省，常譯為“據(jù)建議：有命令...）
⑩It is up to sb. to do sth.
該句型為“該由某人做...”該句型中up后的to是介詞。
It is up to him to clean our classroom today.
今天應(yīng)由他作教室清潔。
It is up to parents to teach their children manners.該由父母教孩子禮貌。
5.It is+被情調(diào)部分+that...
主語：It is not until+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that...強(qiáng)調(diào)“直到...才...”，需將not置于until之前
1）-Who is making so much noise in the garden?
-(A) the children.
A it is     B Theny are   C that is   D There are
2)Who was(C) that called him "conrade"?
A her    B that    C it    D one
6.與it相關(guān)的一些固定的搭配
1）depend on it that...可以指望/相信
2)When it comes to (doing )sth.當(dāng)涉及到/談到...
3）It/That(all) depends.視情況而定
4）Don't mention it.不用謝
5）That's it.對(duì)了，正是
6)Keep it up.再接再厲
7）Believe it or not.信不信由你
8）see to it that...記得，別忘了，確保
9）make it 辦得到，做成功