課程內(nèi)容

《語法專題-簡單句和并列句》
1.簡單句
說明：由一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)位于（或并列謂語）構(gòu)成的句子。
例句：1.She goes to work every day.
2.Tom and I found her there.
3.We all breathe,eat and work.
簡單句的五種基本句型
（1）主語+連系動(dòng)詞+表語（S+V+P)
The weather is very cold.
(2)主語+不及物動(dòng)詞(S+Vi)
He laughed.
(3)主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(S+Vt+O）
I like Chinese food.
(4)主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語(S+Vt+IO+DO）
She taught them physics.
(5)主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語（S+Vt+O+C）
We must keep the room warm.
1.主語（subject)
表示句子說的是“什么人”或“什么事”。
通常由名詞、代詞、主語從句或動(dòng)名詞短語等充當(dāng)。
例如：
1.(My teacher)hates telling lies.(指老師這個(gè)人）
2.（Great changes)have taken place in China in the past thirty years.(所發(fā)生的事情-變化）
2.謂語（Predicate）
說明主語“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”》
通常由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語結(jié)合時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等充當(dāng)。
要弄清兩個(gè)概念：
及物動(dòng)詞：后面直接接賓語的動(dòng)詞；
不及物動(dòng)詞：后面不能直接接賓語的動(dòng)詞
例如：
1.Children (like) playing games.
2.They (were taking about)a new film.
3.賓語（Object)
常指及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后面使之意思完整的詞或短語。
常由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語等充當(dāng)。
例如：
1.She has finished (doing the experiment).
2.We like English and are good at it.
4.表語（Predicative)
與系動(dòng)詞連用，說明主語的性質(zhì)特征等。
常由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、短語或從句等充當(dāng)。
例如：
1.Her grandfather is (an engineer).
2.The two countries were (at war)then.
3.The fact seems (that he didn't notice the car).
除了be 系動(dòng)詞外，還有一些動(dòng)詞也可以用作系動(dòng)詞，
1）表感官的動(dòng)詞：
feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem 等。
2）表轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動(dòng)詞：become,get.grow,turn,go 等
3）表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞 remain,keep,stay 等
5.賓語補(bǔ)足語（Object Complement)
常指補(bǔ)充說明賓語的成分，邏輯上與賓語時(shí)“主謂”關(guān)系。常由形容詞、名詞。介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞短語等充當(dāng)。
例如：
1.She keeps the house (clean)every day.
2.Nobody calls me (a liar).
3.We last saw him (playing on the playground).
2.并列句
說明：由并列連詞（如：and,so,but,or 等）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子。
例句：1.I often help her and she helps me,too.
2.Harry likes eggs,but he doesn't like chicken.
Use your head,and you'll find a way.
Not only does he want to come,but the students also need him.
Either you leave this house or I'll call the police.
It was late,so we went home.
You like tennis,while I loke reading.
He worked hard,yet he failed.
The book is expensive,however,it's worth it.
常用并列連詞
平行并列連詞：and,both...and,not only...but also,neither...nor
轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞：but,however,while,yet.
因果并列連詞：for,so,therefore,then
選擇并列連詞：or,either...or,not...but...
注意：并列連詞so不能與because 連用；并列連詞but不能和although 或though 連用。
3.復(fù)合句
說明：由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子，從句是主句的一個(gè)成分。
V.句子的分類（按用途）
句子按用途可分為：
1.陳述句（ Declarative Sentences)
2.疑問句（Interrogative Sentences)
3.祈使句（Imperative Sentences)
4.感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentences)
1.陳述句（ Declarative Sentences)
用來說明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。例如：
1）Light travels faster than sound.光比聲傳播速度快。（說明事實(shí)）
2）The film is rather boring.這部電影很乏味。（說明看法）
要特別注意陳述句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
首先，否定轉(zhuǎn)移：主句謂語動(dòng)詞是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess等表“認(rèn)為”的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，賓語從句的否定習(xí)慣上前移到主句位于上。
例如：1）I don't think I know you.
2)She doesn't believe you are wrong.
注意：hope 不在此列。
誤:I don't hope it will rain.
正：I hope it won't rain.
第二：句中含有never,seldom,hardly,scacely,rarely,barely,nothing,nobaby,nowhere等詞時(shí)，應(yīng)視為否定句。例如：
1）I could hardly hear anything.
2)He rarely comes to see me.
3)None of us has been to Beijing.
4)I saw nothing in the darkness.
5)We could find her nowhere.
第三,部分否定和全部否定：
all,both,either,every,everybody,everyday,everywhere,always與not連用時(shí)，表示部分否定。表示全部否定要no,neither,none,nobaby,nothing,never,nowhere等詞。
肯定：All the ants go out for food.
部分否定：Not all the ants go out for food.或：All the ants don't go out for food.
全部否定：None of the ants goes out for food.或：Not any of the ants goes out for food.
2.祈使句
用來提出請(qǐng)求，建議或發(fā)出命令，肯定的祈使句用動(dòng)詞原形開頭，否定的祈使句用Dno't或Never+動(dòng)詞原形開頭。例如：
1.Sit down,please!
2.Don't be nervous!
有時(shí)為了加強(qiáng)語氣還可以在動(dòng)詞前面用上助動(dòng)詞do.
例如：Do come earlier,please!
有些祈使句還可以沒有動(dòng)詞。例如：Silence!
No parking!
注意：
在“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)前后兩部分為承接關(guān)系時(shí)，用and;前后意思為相反關(guān)系時(shí)，用or.如果將前面的祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換成由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，要將and 或or 去掉。
例如：Do it now,or it will be too late.
Hurry up,and we'll be there in time.=If we hurry up,we'll be there in time.
One more effort and you will succeed.
3.感嘆句
表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒，常用what或how 來引導(dǎo)。常見的句型結(jié)構(gòu)是：
What+名詞+主語+謂語！
How +形容詞或副詞+主語+謂語！
例如：
1）What good news it is!
2)What s silly question he asked!
3)How cool it is today!
4)How hard the students are working!
4.疑問句
用來提出問題，有以下四種：
a.一般疑問句：常指用yes或 no回答的句子，常把be、助動(dòng)詞have、do或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等提到主語之前，例如：
Can you finish the work in time?
你能按時(shí)完成工作嗎/
b.特殊疑問句：指用特殊疑問詞開頭的疑問句，不能用yes或no回答，例如：
Where do you live?你住哪兒？
c.選擇疑問句：
這種疑問句通常提出兩種或兩種以上的情況，要求對(duì)方選擇，供選擇的部分常用or連接。例如：
1.Would you like some tea or coffee?
2.Which jacket did he buy,the green one or the red one?
d.反意疑問句：在陳述句后附上一個(gè)簡短文件，表示說話者多所敘述的事實(shí)雖有一定見解，但沒有把握，提出疑問，希望得到對(duì)方的證實(shí)。常見句型結(jié)構(gòu)是：前肯定后否定：前否定后肯定兩種。要注意陳述句的否定有多種形式，除了用not之外，還可以用hardly,few,little,never,seldom,nobody,nothing,nowhere等詞表示否定，但都得的前綴和后綴不算否定。
例如：
1）Work is a big part of your life,isn't it?
2)They all had a good time,didn't they?
3)She dislikes pets,doesn't she?
4)He doesn't know her,does he?
5)Nobody came here just now,did they?
6)Tom can hardly cook,can he?
注意：
1.陳述句分為含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，通常要對(duì)主句主語進(jìn)行反問;但如果陳述部分是“I (don't)think/suppose/believe等+賓語從句”時(shí)，則要對(duì)賓語從句的主句進(jìn)行反問。
例如：
1）He has told you that he will go to America,hasn't he?
2)I don't think he will go to America,will he?
2.陳述部分為祈使句時(shí)，不論祈使句時(shí)肯定形式還是否定形式，反意疑問句部分通常用will you;但let's 引起的祈使句的反意疑問句部分通常用shall we.
例如：
1）Come here this evening,will you?
2)Don't make a noise,will you ?
3)Let's go out for a walk,shall we?
4)Let me do it again,wil you?