課程內(nèi)容

《英語書面表達的寫作技巧》
學會構成句子的基本要素
英語句子的成分
英語句子是由單詞或短語按照法規(guī)則組合到一起的。每一個句子的要素由不同的詞類充當，它們分別在句子中充當主語、謂語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、同位語和插入語。因此，學好句子成分是寫好作文的基礎。
1.主語  英語句子中，主語時謂語動詞所發(fā)出動作的執(zhí)行者，一般在謂語之前。能做主語的主要詞類及結構有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞；動詞不定式、動名詞；主語從句或其他具有名詞性質的結構。
例如：
1.Tom is good at playing the violin.湯姆擅長拉小提琴。
2.They have become more and more popular.他們變得越來越流行了。
3.Five will be enough.五個就夠了。
4.To master a foreign lanuage is very important.掌握一門外語很重要。
5.Playing football in the street is dangerous.在街上踢足球是危險的。
6.Whether he will jurn us in the discussion is of great importance.他是否參加我們的討論很重要。
2.謂語
說明主語的性質/特征/狀態(tài)或身份，根據(jù)不同的情況可有不同的時態(tài)和語態(tài)，謂語動詞由實義動詞或系動詞擔任。助動詞或情態(tài)動詞加其他動詞的適當形式也構成謂語動詞。注意謂語動詞的主謂一致和恰當使用時態(tài)和語態(tài)。例如：
1.Action speak louder than words.
2.The chance may never come again.
3.Tom was very sick at heart.
4.Mary has been working at the dress store since 1999.
5.He was not recognized by many people.
3.賓語
賓語時動作、行為的對象，是動作的承受者，既可以指人，也可以是物或事。能做賓語的詞類和結構有：名詞、代詞（注意其賓格形式）、數(shù)詞及其構成的短語；動名詞、動詞不定式；the+形容詞（指一類人或物）；疑問句+不定式和賓語從句。例如：
1.Who knows the answer?
2.He has refused to help them.
3.He enjoys reading.
4.He admits that he was mistaken.
5.We should respect the old.
6.He is considering what to do next.
4.表語
表語是放在系動詞之后說明主語是什么或者出于什么狀態(tài)、具有什么特性的句子成分。主要用在“主語+系動詞+表語”結構中。英語中能作表語的詞類或結構有：名詞、代詞、形容詞、少數(shù)副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、動名詞及表語從句。
1.What they need are the apples in the basket.
2.The film had been on for half an hour.
3.These two cups are of the same price.
4.What surprised us was his not passing the test.
5.Hearing the frightening sound,all the children feel frightened.
6.What worried him was how to deal with the waste.
7.It seems as if he has been told the truth.
5.定語
定語時對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“...的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。但以下幾種情況定語須后置：
1.若修飾some,any,every,no構成的復合不定代詞時，（如something/nothing)I have something interesting to tell you.
2.不定式、分詞短語、從句作定語時，則定語通常放在被修飾詞的后面。
Anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.
3.副詞用作定語時也要放在被修飾詞之后。
People there used to go skating in their spare time.
4.有些特殊形容詞作定語時須后置。alive(活著的），present(出席的），concerned(有關的）等。
He wanted all the books concerned.
5.else 修飾不定代詞或疑問詞時須后置。
What else do you want to buy?
1.The little boy needs a blue pen.
2.They need two pens.
3.The girl in the classroom needs a pen.
4.The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
5.The boy who is reading needs a pen.
6.狀語
狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。英語句子中能作狀語的主要有副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞、獨立主格結構以及狀語從句。例如：
1.He plays the piano wonderfully.
2.In front of the house stands a tall tree.
3.Walking along the river,I saw a large ship.
4.The boy bought an alarm clock to get up early in the morning.
5.He entered the classroom.nose res with cold.
6.He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.
7.補語
補語的作用對象是主語和賓語，在句法上是不可缺少的。補語是起補充說明作用的成分。最常見的是賓語補足語。英語句子中可以作補語的有：名詞、動名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都可以在句子中作賓補。例如：
1.We elected him monitor of our class.
2.She found it diffcult to do the work.
3.She would like the children to read newspapers and books.
4.Tom spoke loud to make himself heard.
5.We hearr him singing in the hall.
6.The guards won't allow anybody in without the manager's permission.
8.同位語
同位語是前面的名詞進一步的解釋或補充說明，可由名詞、代詞、-ing分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞（或他們的短語），以及同位語從句等構成。例如：
1.Mary herself had got a medal for her work for the aged.
2.Most people in our company,particulaly Tom and Jane,are good at dancing.
3.The thought came to him that he should immediately leave the hotel.
4.Our English teacher often asks us to speak so-slowly,loudly and clearly.
9.插入語
插入語是插在句子中的一個詞，短語或從句，通常被逗號、破折號或句子的其他部分隔開，它與句子的其他部分之間沒有語法上的關系，為獨立成分。插入語在句中通常是對一句話的一些附加解釋，說明或總結；有時表示說話者的態(tài)度和看法；有時起強調的作用；有時是為了引起對方的注意；還可以起轉移話題或說明事由的作用；也可以承上啟下，使句子與前面的語句銜接的更緊密一些，從而使文章前后連貫、流暢。
可以做插入語的有形容詞、副詞、接粗短語、非謂語動詞、習慣語以及一些簡短的句子。
例如：1.It's a great mistake,I think,not to accept their proposal.
2.He was,strange as it seems,an excellent sportsman.
3.Judging from his appearance,he seems to be a atrong man.
4.Your performance didn't reach the required standard,in other words,you failed.